服务器作为企业信息化至关核心计算机,运行着企业关健业务。而服务器的意外冗机或故障,都有可能会给企业造成难以估计的损失。服务器也是一台计算机,但它不同我们使用的台式电脑或笔记本电脑。除了在数据处理性能上比一般的台式计算机强以满足复杂的企业数据处理,同时要保证服务器正常可靠运行的重要性,还应用了许多台式计算机所没有特殊技术。
比如服务器内存,也属于内存的一种类型,但并不像我们所使用的计算机内存,注重的往往是内存总线速度,带宽、等待周期等参数。但对于服务器而言,我们考虑的则是内存厂商、服务器厂商对于服务器内存引入的新技术。在这里,向大家介绍目前各大内存厂商、服务器厂商在服务器内存主流技术:
1、ECC内存:这种内存我们经常在服务器上面看到,是服务器内存最基本一项技术,ECC的英文全称是“ Error Checking and Correcting”(错误检查和纠正),它广泛应用于各种领域的计算机指令中。ECC和奇偶校验(Parity)类似。然而,在那些Parity只能检测到错误的地方,ECC实际上可以纠正绝大多数错误。经过内存的纠错,计算机的操作指令才可以继续执行。这在无形中也就保证了服务器系统的稳定可靠。
2、Register:寄存器或目录寄存器,在内存上的作用我们可以把它理解成书的目录,有了它,当内存接到读写指令时,会先检索此目录,然后再进行读写操作,这将大大提高服务器内存工作效率。带有Register的内存一定带Buffer,并且目前能见到的Register内存也都具有ECC功能,其主要应用在中高端服务器及图形工作站。
3、Chipkill内存技术:Chipkill内存最初是由20年前的IBM大型机发展过来的,是在ECC技术基础上的改进。采用的只需普通的内存SD内存、DDR内存,Chipkill内存控制器所提供的存储保护在概念上和具有校验功能的磁盘阵列类似,在写数据的时候,把数据写到多个DIMM内存芯片上。这样,每个DIMM所起的作用和存储阵列相同。如果其中任何一个芯片失效了,它只影响到一个数据字节的某一比特,因为其他比特存储在另外的芯片上。出现错误后,内存控制器能够从失效的芯片重新构造“失去”的数据,使得服务器可以继续正常工作。采用这种Chipkill内存技术的内存可以同时检查并修复4个错误数据位,进一步提高服务器的实用性。
4、内存镜像(Memory Mirroring)技术:它的工作原理与硬盘的热备份类似,为了确保当某个DIMM存储芯片失效的时候,内存保护技术能够自动利用备用的比特位自动找回数据,从而保证服务器的平稳运行。该技术可以纠正发生在每对DIMM内存中多达4个连续比特位的错误。当出现随机性的软内存错误,可以通过使用热备份的比特位来解决;如果出现永久性的硬件错误,也将利用热备份的比特位使得DIMM内存芯片继续工作,直到被替换为止。
5、内存保护(Memory ProteXion)技术:IBM公司的另一种更高级内存技术就是内存镜像技术,内存镜像技术很像磁盘镜像技术,就是将数据同时写入到两个独立的内存卡中(每个内存卡的配置者是一样的)。正常工作情况下,内存数据读取只从活动内存卡中进行,只是当活动内存出现故障时,才会从镜像内存中读取数据。它与前面介绍的的几种内存保护技术,其保护能力上更强。
镇江高防护段(TCP_SYN,ACK,RST)展示:
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